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| The Tunnels at Oflag would have been similar to this picture of one of the Great Escape Tunnels - USAF Academy |
The morning after the Asselin tunnel breakout, the usual body of German soldiers marched with fixed bayonets into the compound of POW camp Oflag XX1B. They separated into the various barrack blocks, unlocking the doors with their usual vocal ‘Raus, raus.’
The POWs knew that appel later that morning was certain to take a different turn to the usual routine. The more experienced men fortified their usual breakfast of three thin slices of black bread with what additional food they could muster before stuffing their pockets with other provisions. Fully dressed against the weather and chill, they were ready to stand outside all day once the headcount did not match. Barrack blocks and the whole camp would be searched until the means of escape was discovered.
The kriegies decided to line up for appel in rows of four
instead of five. Hauptmann Schultz* (described as a ‘little Czech fascist’ in
some accounts) marched up the hill as he did every morning. The POWs knew that from
a distance everything would look normal. There were long lines of prisoners, with
each one nearly the length of the barrack hut behind where they stood.
When Schultz ordered the head count, it rapidly became clear
that something was amiss.
‘There are too many ‘he said to the acting Senior British Officer
(Substantive SBO ‘Wings’ Day had departed via the tunnel)
‘How is this? You know we count in fives. We always count in
fives. Why have you put your men in fours?’
The SBO paused, looked back at the rows for a moment and
replied ‘Well, there seemed more of them that way.’
Prisoners erupted in a wave of laughter and cheers. Schultz
must have sent for the Camp Commandant, an almost mythical figure to the POW’s
as his dealings were confined to their SBO ‘Wings’ Day and he was rarely seen
in the compound. A thin figure in cavalry breeches and a long flowing cloak
walked stiffly into the compound, ‘like an ancient crow, his cloak held tightly
across his narrow chest.’**
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| POWs on the Parade Ground at Oflag V1b |
The men were right to stock up with food, as they remained outside for hours whilst every hut was searched. A guard searching around the outside of the camp in the potato field discovered the tunnel exit, so the Germans sent a Russian prisoner at bayonet point into the hole with a rope tied around his waist for fear of cave ins or booby traps. It was a total surprise to them when he emerged from inside one of the latrines.
The escape resulted in the prompt arrival of the SD
(Sicherheitsdienst, the intelligence arm of the Gestapo).They took over the
running of the camp for a month during which time all staff were interrogated
and the Commandant plus Schultz were removed for court martial. Prisoners were regularly turned out of huts
which were then searched and ransacked. Additional snap appels took place without
warning at all hours. Once the camp bugle sounded, prisoners had to stop
whatever they were doing and assemble outside the barrack blocks. During the
immediate period after the Asselin escape, there were nights when POWs were
woken up five or six times and whilst they were being counted outside, the
ferrets would search the barracks, toilets, cookhouse and the washhouses for
evidence of more tunnelling activities which might have been hastily covered
because of the sudden roll call.
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| SD Sicherheitsdienst -Germanicinternational.com |
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| SD Sicherheitsdienst pictured in Poland |
The searches were not without their lighter moments though. In one hut a barrel of home brewed beer was discovered. Instead of destroying it, the SD asked how much it was for a glass. Lieutenant Commander H H ‘Bungie’ Bracken a naval pilot charged them fifty pfennigs each and the money went straight in to the escape fund. A POW being caught with German currency automatically received a long spell in solitary, but the visiting Germans seemed more than happy to form a queue and hand over their money. There was an extra twist to the tale, as one SD officer sat holding court on the barrel totally unaware that it had a false bottom concealing most of the forged papers and maps in the compound. POWs observed that the SD could rummage and ransack huts, but unlike the ferrets they had little idea of what they were looking for.
1) A large tunnel run by Squadron Leader David ‘Dim’ Strong
and Flight Lieutenant ‘Dickie’ Edge had gone out beneath the night latrine at
the end of the block near the west wire. It was shored and had electric
lighting tapped from the camp’s mains supply.
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| Squadron Leader David ‘Dim’ Strong pictured after the war |
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| Shaft Entrance to 'Harry' in the Great Escape. Strong's entrance shaft would have been much more shallow & not as wide, but had the same principle of shoring up the sides with boards |
2) An earlier project, abandoned because of flooding had been restarted. Behind the hospital was a cookhouse where the POWs got hot water in the morning. Four large boilers were standing in a row on an apron of concrete against the farthest wall of the room. The fourth boiler was not used and underneath it a narrow trapdoor had been made (concrete set on a shallow wooden tray). The fit was exact and to reach it the tunnellers had to slide under the small gap beneath boiler and floor.
The entrance hole was around two feet square with a rough
wooden ladder fixed to the side of the shaft. At the bottom, an oblong chamber
measuring around six feet by four had been excavated and led into the main
tunnel working. Under the light of a fat lamp, a man was pumping air concertina
style into the shaft via a modified old kitbag and metal tins pushed together
which created improvised pipework. Walls
and ceiling and the mouth of the tunnel were solid wood with bedboards jammed
together, but the floor remained thick clay sludge.
Once the chamber, the excavation had no wooden supports. Water
ran down or dripped from the ceiling and sides. Tunnellers took their own fat
lamps to the face and worked in a clammy cold. To reach there, they had to
negotiate another ladder after crawling for around fifteen feet. This dropped
down another six feet to the main working. Their reasoning was that if the
entrance, chamber and first level of the workings were discovered, the Germans
would only fill that section in, and the diggers could sink another shaft
further along to link up with deeper section.
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| Work at the Tunnel Face - F/L Kenyon (T Kilminster) |
Initial work concentrated on strengthening, shoring and repairing damage to the tunnel before they could start digging again towards the wire. When excavations restarted at the face, clay soil was hauled back up the tunnel through the gluey substance on the floor via a toboggan pulled with rope made from thinly plated sisal string obtained from the Red Cross parcels. It was then smuggled back to the barrack block in water jugs, jam tins or packed into small bags made from shirts and underclothes. Some of these bags were taken to the latrines whilst suspended by a piece of string and hanging around the men’s necks under their coats. The contents were then disposed of in the normal way. The rest of the bags got hidden under bunks and in the short interval between dusk and lock up the men buried the clay in the ground outside the huts. The whole end to end process was painstakingly slow work.
Some of the methods and thinking used by the POWs would
later be used in The Great Escape at Sagan Stalag Luft 111. As with the Asselin
tunnel, because of intelligence received about possible closure and evacuation
of the camp, work had also been stepped up on the other projects. It must have
been frustrating for the men involved on the Cookhouse and West Wire digs during
the period of SD presence and heightened security. Any work became severely
restricted and although the exact date for camp closure was not known, the POWs
knew the clock was still ticking down.
The SD left after a month and with time running out, efforts
on the tunnels reached maximum. Dim Strong’s project had escaped detection and
was almost complete. It had reached a hundred and ten feet in length and sixty
feet beyond the wire. Whether sheer fatigue and urgency may have been the
reason for a careless error is not known, but a guard spotted one of the final
boxes of soil being sneaked through a hut window. The barrack was searched and
the tunnel found. Work continued under the cookhouse with a shift system of diggers tunnelling flat out during the day. Completion was imminent and a provisional date had been set for the breakout when news came through that the camp was to be completely evacuated within forty eight hours. There was insufficient time to finish the job – a case of so near but so far. The prisoners were to be transferred in four purges – their destination Sagan Stalag Luft 111. The Great Escape took place a little over 11 months later.
*Referred to as Mueller in The Tunnel by Eric Williams
** The Tunnel
Sources and Additional Reading
Moonless Night – B A ‘Jimmy’ James
Under the Wire - William Ash
Prisoner of War – Charles Rollings
The Tunnel - Eric Williams
Author’s notes
©Keith Morley
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